Graphic Arts in the 20th century.
The Graphic Arts truly came into their own in the 20th century. Social, commercial and political circumstances created a growing need for information- and persuasion visuals, the rapid advances in technology made it possible to meet those needs.
Research propaganda posters from 1900- 1975.
Research propaganda posters from 1900- 1975.
Germany:
Hitler with Children Propaganda poster, 1934 – Germany ww1
In this poster, the graphic designer makes viewers think that Hitler is kind with children, giving the idea that he is good and has a gentle side. Which for sure may not be true.
England
This is a famous poster done by Alfred Leete in 1914. “Britons Lord Kitchener Wants You
WW2 Posters
USA
Another iconic poster is “We Can Do It!” or “Rosie the Riveter” produced by J. Howard Miller in 1943. It was to help inspire the factory women that worked for the U.S army. However it only became popular in the 1980’s to help promote the feminist movement.
This poster was named “the most famous poster in the world.” It was done by James Montgomery Flagg in 1917 during World War 1 to encourage U.S citizens to join the army. The man in the poster represents “Uncle Sam” which is a national personification of America’s government.
Japan & China
USA propaganda posters against Japan/Germany:
This is a wide and varied field of research . Find the most iconic and well known posters, describe them compare them:
1 a How do they differ?
In the well-known or iconic posters of WW1 and WW2, the approach in each country is different in the way of how they want to connect with their viewers and citizens. For example, based on the British posters, it seems to be asking their citizens to join the army to save the King and his country, while the U.S poster seems to be asking their citizens to join the army to become a hero.
1 b What do they have in common?
Even though each countries approach is different, the majority of their posters attempted to relate to their viewers on a personal level. An example would be USA: “I Want to You”, “We can do it!” or England: “Briton Wants You”.
1 a How do they differ?
In the well-known or iconic posters of WW1 and WW2, the approach in each country is different in the way of how they want to connect with their viewers and citizens. For example, based on the British posters, it seems to be asking their citizens to join the army to save the King and his country, while the U.S poster seems to be asking their citizens to join the army to become a hero.
1 b What do they have in common?
Even though each countries approach is different, the majority of their posters attempted to relate to their viewers on a personal level. An example would be USA: “I Want to You”, “We can do it!” or England: “Briton Wants You”.
Paul Klee was employed by the German Air Force; his job was to paint fighters and bombers.
The British Army had a whole division of artists engaged in camouflage design and execution.
Then there were the ‘bragging’ designs, which were meant to be seen. Even bombs were painted with defiant slogans and images.
Examples of camouflage and other ‘weapon art’ from:
2.a WW I: England, Germany, USA
The British Army had a whole division of artists engaged in camouflage design and execution.
Then there were the ‘bragging’ designs, which were meant to be seen. Even bombs were painted with defiant slogans and images.
Examples of camouflage and other ‘weapon art’ from:
2.a WW I: England, Germany, USA
England:
Germany Paul Klee: (Cubism)
England Edward Alexander Wadsworth: (Vorticism)
The design was used to cause confusion by making it difficult to pin-point the direction and speed of the Ship
2.b WW II: England, Germany, USA and Japan.
England:
Sherman firefly
Japan:
USA:
German:
Camouflage for aerial view.
From the sky looking down, it looks like a field with houses and trees, but it’s really a tent hiding Air base and Factories in WW2
2 d Compare camouflage design with fine art and graphic design trends. ( 1900-1945)
· Around the time 1900-1945, the World Wars had inspire the designs in Fine arts, graphic design and camouflage. The camouflage idea was inspired by cubism and vorticism in fine arts, and graphic design took some inspiration from both fine arts and camouflage.
Main Fine Art movements :1900-1945
· Fauvism
Fauvism is an art movement that derived from Impressionism, which was popular in early 1900’s France. In fauvism, the colours are strong and vibrant, with noticeable brush strokes. However, this art movement only lasted from 1904 – 1908.
Artist in this movement:
Fauvism is an art movement that derived from Impressionism, which was popular in early 1900’s France. In fauvism, the colours are strong and vibrant, with noticeable brush strokes. However, this art movement only lasted from 1904 – 1908.
Artist in this movement:
· Expressionism
In expressionism, art become more about the emotions and inner feelings of the subject, rather than the outer appearance of the subject. It was one of the most popular art movements in the 1900’s that first started in Germany. Influence also comes from Impressionism.
“The scream” (1893) by Edvard Munch:
Medium: Paint, pastels
The Scream is one of Edvard Munch most famous works. He uses bright and dark complimentary colours such as blues and oranges. The swirling techniques of the sky and sea and the skull-like face of the unproportioned person gives the emotion of how fear looks like for the person in fear, almost like a synesthesia painting.
· Cubism
Cubism was the first abstract art which started in the 1900’s and it was completely different to the Renaissance. The style of cubism is done by using geometric shapes with fairly neutral colours and it’s not meant to look exactly like the subject painted. The movement began in 1907 Paris, however cubism had many outside influences, such as African art.
· Cubism
Cubism was the first abstract art which started in the 1900’s and it was completely different to the Renaissance. The style of cubism is done by using geometric shapes with fairly neutral colours and it’s not meant to look exactly like the subject painted. The movement began in 1907 Paris, however cubism had many outside influences, such as African art.
Pablo Picasso: Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907),
This oil painting was done in Picasso’s rose period, where his colour palette changed from cold blues to warmer, cheery colours like pink. This painting is of five nude female prostitute from a brothel on Carrer d'Avinyó (Avinyó Street) in Barcelon, which is why it’s called “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” meaning The Young Ladies of Avignon. Picasso got his inspiration from African artefacts. If you look at the two female figures to the right of the painting, you’ll see that they have African mask-like faces. The Cubist movement soon later followed.
· Surrealism
Surrealism started in early 1920’s Paris, during World War 1 and was inspired the Dada movement. However, instead of questioning art, like Dada, surrealism tries to link dreams with reality. The movement had spread globally, and not only in visual arts, but in literature, film, music and philosophy.
This oil painting was done in Picasso’s rose period, where his colour palette changed from cold blues to warmer, cheery colours like pink. This painting is of five nude female prostitute from a brothel on Carrer d'Avinyó (Avinyó Street) in Barcelon, which is why it’s called “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon” meaning The Young Ladies of Avignon. Picasso got his inspiration from African artefacts. If you look at the two female figures to the right of the painting, you’ll see that they have African mask-like faces. The Cubist movement soon later followed.
· Surrealism
Surrealism started in early 1920’s Paris, during World War 1 and was inspired the Dada movement. However, instead of questioning art, like Dada, surrealism tries to link dreams with reality. The movement had spread globally, and not only in visual arts, but in literature, film, music and philosophy.
The Persistence of Memory 1931
By Salvador Dali
This is Salvador Dali’s most popular paintings.
The idea of the melting clocks came to him as a dream and was also inspired by the idea of cheese melting under the sun.
By Salvador Dali
This is Salvador Dali’s most popular paintings.
The idea of the melting clocks came to him as a dream and was also inspired by the idea of cheese melting under the sun.
· Constructivism
Constructivism began in Russia 1919. The movement was to push art to be used for social purposes, and abolish the idea of art being used as traditional art. Some inspiration comes from cubism, futurism and suprematism.
Agitprop poster by Mayakovsky.
· Dada
Dada or Dadaism was a literary and artist movement can be seen as the anti-art movement, since it questioned “what is art”. This started in Europe 1915. It was also an anti-war movement when the Europeans were experiencing the horrors of World War 1 in their country.
Marcel Duchamp - “Fountain” - 1917
· Futurism
Futurism was started around 1910 by Italian artist and its style is mainly inspired by cubism. It focused on speed, technology, youth and violence.
· Futurism
Futurism was started around 1910 by Italian artist and its style is mainly inspired by cubism. It focused on speed, technology, youth and violence.
Gino Severini, 1912, Dynamic Hieroglyphic
· Vorticism
The Vorticism movement started in the 1914 in Britain, however did not last so long. It was inspired by cubism. It’s focus was on geometric shapes and abstractions. This style Influenced the “dazzle” camouflage ships.
· Vorticism
The Vorticism movement started in the 1914 in Britain, however did not last so long. It was inspired by cubism. It’s focus was on geometric shapes and abstractions. This style Influenced the “dazzle” camouflage ships.
“Workshop circa” 1914 - Wyndham Lewis
Graphic Design from 1900 – 1945
Graphic Design from 1900 – 1945
Photography from 1900 - 1945
Compare the fine art of with the graphic design.
Both fine arts and graphic design moved away from the traditional style and experimented more with new art styles. The World Wars made an impact in both graphics and fine art.
4. (1945-1975) Post War Graphic Arts
Post War Graphic Arts benefited from new ideas, new technologies and thriving economies, as countries were rebuilt after devastation of WWII.
Fine art movements
• Action Painting
In action painting, paint is applied to canvas by techniques such as splashing or dripping. The style become popular between the 1940’s to 1960’s and started in America.
Fine art movements
• Action Painting
In action painting, paint is applied to canvas by techniques such as splashing or dripping. The style become popular between the 1940’s to 1960’s and started in America.
· Op Art
Op Art (short for “optical art”) is an abstract art style focusing on optical illusion usually done in black and white.
Movement in Squares, by Bridget Riley 1961
· Pop Art
Pop art started in the early 1950’s in Britain, and continued to become popular in the U.S in the 1960’s. Its style was to draw focus and influences from popular culture and the everyday life of people. Advertisements, products and news were used also in Pop art.
· Pop Art
Pop art started in the early 1950’s in Britain, and continued to become popular in the U.S in the 1960’s. Its style was to draw focus and influences from popular culture and the everyday life of people. Advertisements, products and news were used also in Pop art.
(1956) is one of the earliest works to be considered "pop art".
Links:
WW1:
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/30/opinion/merjian-art-modern-wwi/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage
http://moonchildcreative.weebly.com/rg.html
Posters:
https://sophiedaveyphoto.wordpress.com/category/drafts-research/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_%28UK%29
http://www.onslows.co.uk/news.htm
http://www.pastreunited.com/the-war-years.php
http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/transcultural/article/view/11548/8648
Camouflage:
http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt08/japanese-camouflage-garment.html
Art movements:
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism
http://www.artmovements.co.uk/cubism.htm
http://www.wikiart.org/en/salvador-dali/the-persistence-of-memory-1931
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575336/Surrealism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_%28art%29
http://www.theartstory.org/movement-constructivism.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/futurism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism
http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/abstract-expressionism.html
http://arthistory.about.com/od/glossary_a/a/a_action_painting.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art
WW1:
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/30/opinion/merjian-art-modern-wwi/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_camouflage
http://moonchildcreative.weebly.com/rg.html
Posters:
https://sophiedaveyphoto.wordpress.com/category/drafts-research/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_%28UK%29
http://www.onslows.co.uk/news.htm
http://www.pastreunited.com/the-war-years.php
http://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/transcultural/article/view/11548/8648
Camouflage:
http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt08/japanese-camouflage-garment.html
Art movements:
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fauv/hd_fauv.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvism
http://www.artmovements.co.uk/cubism.htm
http://www.wikiart.org/en/salvador-dali/the-persistence-of-memory-1931
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/surr/hd_surr.htm
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/575336/Surrealism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Memory
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_%28art%29
http://www.theartstory.org/movement-constructivism.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/futurism
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticism
http://www.webexhibits.org/colorart/abstract-expressionism.html
http://arthistory.about.com/od/glossary_a/a/a_action_painting.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op_art